it历史-计算机大事记-计算机发展大事记英文版(编辑修改稿)

it历史-计算机大事记-计算机发展大事记英文版(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

ing a multiplication in 1 second. The machine bees important both in scientific and mercial putation, and about 1500 of them are eventually made. 1937 Alan M. Turing (19121954), of Cambridge University, England, publishes a paper on putable numbers the mathematical theory of putation. This paper solves a mathematical problem, but the solution is achieved by reasoning (as a mathematical device) about the theoretical simplified puter known today as a Turing machine. 1937 Gee Stibitz () of the Bell Telephone Laboratories (Bell Labs), New York City, constructs a demonstration 1bit binary adder using relays. This is one of the first binary puters, although at this stage it was only a demonstration machine improvements continued leading to the ’plex number calculator’ of Jan. 1940. 1938 Claude E. Shannon (1916) publishes a paper on the implementation of symbolic logic using relays. 1938 Konrad Zuse (19101995) of Berlin, with some assistance from Helmut Schreyer, pletes a prototype mechanical binary programmable calculator, the first binary calculator it is based on Boolean Algebra (see 1848). Originally called the V1 but retroactively renamed Z1 after the war. It works with floating point numbers having a 7bit exponent, 16bit mantissa, and a sign bit. The memory uses sliding metal parts to store 16 such numbers, and works well。 but the arithmetic unit is less successful. The program is read from punched tape not paper tape, but discarded 35 mm movie film. Data values can be entered from a numeric keyboard, and outputs are displayed on electric lamps. 1939 January 1 HewlettPackard formed by David Hewlett and William Packard in a garage in California. A coin toss decided the name. 1939 November John V. Atanasoff (1903) and graduate student Clifford Berry (?1963), of Iowa State College (now the Iowa State University), Ames, Iowa, plete a prototype 16bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate using vacuum tubes. 1939 Start of WWII. This spurred many improvements in technology and led to the development of machines such as the Colossus (see 1943). 1939 Zuse and Schreyer begin work on the V2 (later Z2), which will marry the Z1’s existing mechanical memory unit to a new arithmetic unit using relay logic. The project is interrupted for a year when Zuse is drafted, but then released. (Zuse is a friend of Wernher von Braun, who will later develop the *other* V2, and after that, play a key role in the US space program.) 1939/1940 Schreyer pletes a prototype 10bit adder using vacuum tubes, and a prototype memory using neon lamps. 1940 January At Bell Labs, Samuel Williams and Stibitz plete a calculator which can operate on plex numbers, and give it the imaginative name of the Complex Number Calculator。 it is later known as the Model I Relay Calculator. It uses telephone switching parts for logic: 450 relays and 10 crossbar switches. Numbers are represented in plus 3 BCD。 that is, for each decimal digit, 0 is represented by binary 0011, 1 by 0100, and so on up to 1100 for 9。 this scheme requires fewer relays than straight BCD. Rather than requiring users to e to the machine to use it, the calculator is provided with three remote keyboards, at various places in the building, in the form of teletypes. Only one can be used at a time, and the output is automatically displayed on the same one. In September 1940, a teletype is set up at a mathematical conference in Hanover, New Hampshire, with a connection to New York, and those attending the conference can use the machine remotely. 1941 Summer Atanasoff and Berry plete a specialpurpose calculator for solving systems of simultaneous linear equations, later called the ABC (AtanasoffBerry Computer). This has 60 50bit words of memory in the form of capacitors (with refresh circuits the first regenerative memory) mounted on two revolving drums. The clock speed is 60 Hz, and an addition takes 1 second. For secondary memory it uses punch cards, moved around by the user. The holes are not actually punched in the cards, but burned. The punch card system’s error rate is never reduced beyond %, and this isn’t really good enough. (Atanasoff will leave Iowa State after the US enters the war, and this will end his work on digital puting machines.) 1941 December Now working with limited backing from the DVL (German Aero nautical Research Institute), Zuse pletes the V3 (later Z3): the first operational programmable calculator. It works with floating point numbers having a 7bit exponent, 14bit mantissa (with a 1 bit automatically prefixed unless the number is 0), and a sign bit. The memory holds 64 of these words and therefore requires over 1400 relays。 there are 1200 more in the arithmetic and control units. The program, input, and output are implemented as described above for the Z1. Conditional jumps are not available. The machine can do 34 additions per second, and takes 35 seconds for a multiplication. It is a marginal decision whether to call the Z3 a prototype。 with its small memory it is certainly not very useful on the equation solving problems that the DVL was mostly interested in. 1943 Computers between 1943 and 1959 (or thereabouts some say this era did not start until UNIVAC1 in 1951) usually regarded as ’first generation’ and are based on valves and wire circuits. The are characterised by the use of punched cards and vacuum valves. All programming was done in machine code. A typical machine of the era was UNIVAC, see 1951. 1943 I think there is a world market for maybe five puters., Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM. 1943 January The Harvard Mark I (originally ASCC Mark I, HarvardIBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator) was built at Harvard University by Howard H. Aiken (19001973) and his team, partly fina。