户籍制度简介

户籍制度简介内容摘要：

es as grain, meat, and vegetables because these were rationed to urban residents. Even restaurants demanded ration coupons from their In addition, policing anizations, such as the local security bureau and neighborhood mittees, often conducted unannounced house visits on families suspected of housing illegal inmigrants. Hukou, rationing, and danwei formed an effective web in prohibiting unauthorized ruralurban migration in the Maoist era. Changes and Developments in the Hukou System Since the Reform For more than twenty years, the hukou system effectively contained the rural population to where they were born, raised, and assigned. By the time of Mao’s death in 1976, the nation’s traumatic experience in the Cultural Revolution had damaged popular trust in the petence and political virtue of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Serious economic and political crises were evident. According to the CCP, the only way to survive the crises was to take strong action on the economic A change came about in 1979 when the government began limited reforms in the agricultural sector. Each family in the sector was assigned a plot of collective land and signed contracts with the production team, in which they promised to provide a quantity of crops or services while retaining or selling the remainder on their own. The opening of rural free markets supported the reanization of agricultural production. The reform at the time was merely intended to stimulate farmers’ production incentives. However, the opening of the produce free market created much resentment among urban dwellers toward the rationing system. Under the rationing system, delay in the delivery of goods was monplace and supplies were often of low quality and limited variety. The rationing system became even more unpopular after reforms afforded people the availability of free markets and sufficient supplies of meat and nonstaple foods. The first sign of change appeared in the early 1980s, when sufficient supplies of meat and nonstaple foods in free markets undermined the value of the official rationing coupons. In the mid1980s, rationing tickets for cloth were officially stopped. Toward the late 1980s, tickets for meat, staple foods, and other consumer goods were gradually The abolition of the rationing system shook the roots of the danwei system. Urban people no longer depended on their work units for ration coupons. People felt free to move from one place to another as long as they could earn money to buy their subsistence needs on the market. Meanwhile, the emergence of the collective and private sector provided the urban labor force greater freedom to choose and change jobs. Once the first step was taken toward liberalization, reform in one area quickly called for reform in another. In less than a decade, the rationing system was abolished. Further, since the reform, the work unit system has also been severely weakened. The effectiveness of the hukou system in controlling migration depended primarily on the proper functioning of the abovementioned supporting institutions. The weakening of the rationing and work unit system had eroded the previous multilayered control structure on which the hukou system relied for its function. After the economic reforms, the control of job openings and the daily distribution of necessities were no longer monopolized by the sta。