英国文学(二)

英国文学(二)内容摘要：

with fear,/And tremble and despoil themselves: O hear!”(一听到你的声音 , 它们吓得发青 , 一边颤栗 , 一边自动萎缩 : 哦 , 你听 !)。 第四部分主要表达诗人的心愿 , 诗人希望自己能像落叶 , 流云和波浪那样领受西风的威力 , 希望自己能像在孩提时代那样自由且无虑。 整部分由几个虚拟 If 从句和一个 主句 “I would ne‟er have striven…” 组成。 诗人渴望能与西风一样 , 唤起民众进行革命 , 表现了诗人强烈的反抗精神和斗争欲望。 最后三行 “I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!/A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed/One too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.”表达了诗人自己在生活的斗争中饱受了心灵的创伤 , 所以希望像在西风下翻滚的 浪潮 , 飞扬的枯叶 , 疾驰的流云一样 , 能在革命风暴中重新起来进行战斗。 “A heavy weight of hours” refers to burdens, pressure of life, lessons learned from life experience, sufferings and misfortunes in life。 “one” refers to the poet himself。 “tameless, and swift, and proud” are some terms to describe the characteristics of the west wind. 第五部分是整首诗的高潮部分。 诗人希望自己的诗篇能成为预言 , 自己也能像西风那样宣布一个僵死的世界的灭亡 , 新的生命的诞生。 “Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is:/What if my leaves are falling like its own!”(把我当成是你的竖琴吧 , 就像树林 (是你的竖琴 )那样 /尽管我的叶落了 , 那又有什么关系 !)。 意指即使我在战斗中倒下 , 也是死得其所 , 不足为惜。 喻指诗人希望在革命的风暴中成为革命思想的传播者。 “will take from both a deep, autumnal tone”中的 “both”指 lyre(或诗人自己 )和 the , 诗人喊出了自己的心声 : 请把我枯死的思想向世界吹落 , 让它像枯叶一样促成新的生命 !…… 让预言的喇叭通过我的嘴唇 , 把昏睡的大地唤醒吧 ! 冬天来了 , 春天还会远吗 ? 历年考题出现在 Prometheus Unbound 的大意 , 选读第一篇的第三节。 选读第二篇年年都考 , 重点在 第1， 4 和 5 三部分。 5 VI. John Keats(济慈 1795~1821) 1. Point of view Keats believed the poetry is the most effective means to release misery, a vehicle to reach paradise. By bining a tingling anticipation with a lapsing towards dissolution, Keats manages to keep a precarious balance between mirth and despair, rapture and grief. 2. Major works (1)Ode to a Nightingale(夜莺颂 ) The poem expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony. Here the aching ecstasy roused by the bird‟s song is felt like a form of spiritual homesickness, a longing to be at one with beauty. The poem first introduces joy and sorrow, song and music, death and rapture which free him into the world of dream. (2)Ode on an Grecian Urn(希腊古瓮颂 ) The poet has absorbed himself into the timeless beautiful scenery on the antique Grecian urn: the lovers, musicians and worshippers on the urn exist simultaneously and for ever in their intensity of joy. They are unaffected by time, stilled in expectation. This is at once the glory and the limitation of the world conjured up by an object of art. 3. Artistic features (1)Keats‟s poetry is always sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery, which expresses the acuteness of his sense. He has the power of entering the feelings of others—either human or animal. (2)Keats delights to dwell on beautiful words and phrases which sound musical. He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Donne. (3)Keats‟s poetry, characterized by exact and closelyknit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world. (4)Odes are generally regarded as Keats‟s most important and mature works. 4. Selected reading Ode on a Grecian Urn 诗歌第一节把古瓮描绘成 “宁静的 , 守身如玉的新娘 ( unravish‟d bride of quietness)”,“悠长岁月的养子(fosterchild of silence and slow time)”, 田园史官讲述的如花的故事比我们的诗句更优美。 接着 , 诗人就古瓮以及绘在上面的画面提出了一连串的问题。 诗歌第二节主要歌颂画面中无声的音乐和情人求爱的场面。 诗人指出 : 听得到的乐声是甜美的 , 听不到的更美 ( “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter”)。 诗歌第三节歌颂画面中的事物青春永驻 , 艺术的生命永远年轻。 第四节描写画面中有一群人牵着一头牛在街上走着 , 准备杀牲祭天的场面。 最后一节是整首诗的总结部分 , 表达了诗人对艺术的看法 : “美即是真 , 真即是美 在这世界上这就是你们所知和需知的一切 ( “ „Beauty is truth, truth beauty,‟—that is all/Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.”)。 This poem shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion. The rhyme scheme for each stanza is abab cdecde or abab cdeced. The urn celebrates but simplifies intuitions of ecstasy by seeming to deny our painful knowledge of transience and suffering. But in the last stanza, the urn bees a “Cold Pastoral,” which presents his ambivalence about time and the nature of beauty. 6 The poem can be divided into two parts, with the first 4 stanzas as part one, and the last stanza as part two. In the first part, Keats looks at the urn subjectively。 in the second part he looks at it objectively. As a result of both ways of observation, he is finally able to see it as “a friend to man, to whom thou say‟st/Beauty is truth, truth beauty”. The first two lines mean that though time has passed, the urn, the work of art still remains. Human life is transient, but art is immortal, that is the theme of the whole poem. 历年考题常出现在第 2 和 5 小节中。 VII. Jane Austen (奥斯汀 1775~1817) 1. Point of view Generally speaking, Austen was a writer of the 18th century, though she lived mainly in the 19th century. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral princ iples。 and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clearsighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality. As a realistic writer, she considers it her duty to express in her works a discriminated and serious criticism of life, and to expose the follies and illusions of mankind. She shows contemptuous feelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgarity through subtle satire and irony. 2. Artistic features (1)Austen‟s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. So she points out: “If one wants to know about a man‟s talents, one should see him at work, but if one wants to know about his nature and temper, one should see him at home.” (2)As for her interest in the study of human beings in their relationships with other people in daily life, Jane Austen is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women in love. Stories of love a。