第二讲信息组织方法论

第二讲信息组织方法论内容摘要：

J. Aitchison, A. Gilchrist, amp。 D. Bawden. Thesaurus Construction and Use: A Practical Manual. 3rd ed. London: Aslib, 1997. P. 47) 基本叙词关系 三类词间关系 : • 等价 : the relationship between preferred and nonpreferred terms where two or more terms are regarded, for indexing purposes, as referring to the same concept • 层次 : this relationship shows levels of superordination and subordination. The superordinate term represents a class or whole, and the subordinate terms refer to its members or parts • 相关 : the relationship is found between terms which are closely related conceptually but not hierarchically and are not members of an equivalence set. (本頁及以下關于各種 relationship的敘述，主要參考 : Aitchison, Gilchrist, amp。 Bawden, 1997, Section F) 等价关系 • Descriptors – Preferred terms • Leadin terms (Entry terms) – Nonpreferred terms • Leadin term USE DESCRIPTOR • DESCRIPTOR UF Leadin term • Example: 耗子 USE 老鼠 (preferred term) 老鼠 UF 耗子 (nonpreferred term) 等价关系（续） • 同义词 Synonyms – terms are virtually interchangeable or regarded as the same – Popular names and scientific names – Common nouns or scientific names, and trade names – Standard names and slang – Terms originating from different cultures sharing a mon language (., pavements/sidewalks) – Competing names for emerging concepts (., metadata之各種中譯名 ) – Current or favored term versus outdated or deprecated term (. dishwashers/washingup machines) 等价关系（续） • 异形变体词 Lexical variants – different word forms for the same expressing, such as spelling, grammatical variation, irregular plurals, direct versus indirect order, and abbreviated formats – Variant spellings ., moslems/muslims。 mouse/mice。 colour/color – Direct and indirect form , academic library vs. library, academic – Abbreviations and full names ., ALA vs. American Library Association 等价关系（续） • 近义词 Quasisynonyms, or nearsynonyms – terms whose meanings are generally regarded as different in ordinary usage, but they are treated as though they are synonyms for indexing purposes. – Terms having a significant overlap ., urban areas/cities gifted people/geniuses – Antonyms or terms representing different viewpoints of the same property continuum ., dryness/wetness equality/inequality 等价关系（续） • 靠上位词 Upward posting (generic posting) – This is a technique which treats narrower terms as if they are equivalent to, rather than a species of, their broader terms. The effect is to reduce the size of the vocabulary. – SOCIAL CLASS UF Elite Middle class Working class …… – Elite USE SOCIAL CLASS 层次关系 互逆关系 The relat。