partone∶dictionfromunit1tounit4iobjectives∶to(编辑修改稿)

partone∶dictionfromunit1tounit4iobjectives∶to(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

rsonal attributes abstraction/events • Personification is a simple enough figure to recognize and to understand. It is easy enough to use, too, except for one problemgender, or the grammatical classification of the thing personified as masculine or feminine. Should it be male or female, he or she? Here are some customs: Feminine: Nature, Earth, Morning, Evening, The moon Masculine: The sun, Rivers In literature, ―she‖ often represents ―sun, peace, beauty, ship, earth, moon, spring, autumn, and country‖. • Personification often serves to make an abstraction clearer and more real to the reader by defining or explaining the concept in terms of everyday human action. . Man39。 s rejection of reading available wisdom is presented as a woman crying out to be heard but being ignored. (People often don39。 t value whatever they can easily get). Exercise in class: Make five sentences with simile, metaphor and personification. Unit 3 1. Metonymy Metonymy involves the change of name. In other words, this figure of speech involves the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. The substituted name may be an attribute of the other thing or be closely related with it. Usually the two things are closely associated. Metonymy es from Greek, and means ―a change of name‖. In another word, it means that the name of something is used to represent a more general but closelyrelated thing. The substitute( 本体 ) the substituted ( 借体 ) The crown the king The bottle alcohol The pen words The sword forces The cross religion The church religion For example, John Bull can be used to stand for England or the English people。 the White House for the . government。 the press for newspaper, news reporters or journalists。 the bottle for liquor, wine or alcohol. The following are some more examples: • He must have been spoilt from the cradle. • Can gray hairs make folly venerable (respectable)? • He is not a person who lets his heart rule his head. 7 In these three examples, ―the cradle‖ refers to the childhood, ―gray hairs‖ to old people, ―heart‖ and ―head‖ to feelings and reasoning power respectively. Exercises in class: Underline the words that are used as metonymy in the following sentences. 1) He has a rough tongue. She has a sharp tongue. (language, speech) 2) To read a Shakespeare or a Mark Twain is to eat a food full of protein. 3) Only billionaires （亿万富翁） are able to collect Picasso. 4) Without sweat (labor, work), without bread (food or living) 5) He was an authority on Shakespeare. (A person who is expert in studying the works of ) 6) Death (the bullets) fell in showers 7) In the leastdeveloped regions in our country, there is far more ignorance (the illiterate) than knowledge. (the educated people) 2. Synecdoche Synecdoche is a monly used figure of speech in English. Synecdoche es from Greek, means ―taking up together‖ ( 共同担起 ). The definition of synecdoche in Webster39。 s Third International Dictionary is: A figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for the part, species for genus, the genus for the species or the name of the material for the thing made. So, in short, synecdoche ， is a substitution of the part for the whole and the whole for the part, . The farm is short of hands . (=workers, laborers, helpers) Give us this day our daily bread . (=food, esp. staple food) The poor man had six mouths to feed. (=persons) China beat Japan at volleyball. ( China =the Chinese volleyball team。 Japan =the Japanese volleyball team) Generally speaking, synecdoche can be classified into 6 types: the part for the whole, the whole for the part, the species for the genus, the genus for the species, the material for the thing made, and the individual for the genus. See the following examples: 1) They were short of hands at harvest time. (laborer, worker) 2) I will count three hundredthat39。 s five minutesand not one of you is to move a muscle. 3) China (the team of China) beat South Korea (the team of South Korea ) 3 to 1 at badminton, kuala lumpure. 吉隆坡 ( the capital of Malaysia). 4) He manages to earn his bread.。 Bread stands for food. 5) Have you any coppers ? 你有零钱吗。 6) Nowadays, more and more people have a liking for cotton. (cotton products 棉织品 ). 7) He walked the boards for a living. 他为谋生当演员。 (board for stage 木板代舞台 )。 8) The prisoner was bound in irons for ten years. Tips: the difference and similarity between metonymy, synecdoche 8 Synecdoche is a special type of metonymy. Some linguists stick to put synecdoche （提喻） and antonomasia into the scope of metonymy. • In metonymy, the two objects still belong to two quite different things, there is only association between them. . the crown for the king。 the pen for the writer。 the bottle for the milk. But in synecdoche, one object is contained by the other or one contains the other. . sail( 帆 ) for boat/ship. Here sail is the part of a boat or ship. 3. Euphemism Euphemism is a figure of speech which is the substitution of an inoffensive, mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one. It es from Greek。 ―eu‖ means ―good, sounding good‖ and ―pheme‖ means ―saying a speech‖. So the whole word means to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner. The topics most likely to be substituted are illness, death, old age, toilet habits, poverty and unemployment, menial jobs or professions of low social standing, political and military activities, and so on, . His wife is expecting another child. (His wife is pregnant again.) Euphemism in English can be classified into 2 types: traditional euphemisms and stylistic euphemisms. • Traditional euphemism 传统委婉语 Traditional euphemism is connected with taboo. Some existing objects or thought is not good to spea。