外文翻译---建筑生命周期-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)

外文翻译---建筑生命周期-建筑结构(编辑修改稿)内容摘要：

National Environmental Policy Plan, A Clean Environment Choose it or Loose it. The Building Sector was addressed there with issues as A NMP+, and, after four years at times, a NMP1, a NMP2 and a NMP3 followed. Nowadays the NMP4 is in preparation. 6 Side by side there came a semigovernmental institution into existence: NOVEM, which unified quite a lot of former particular and private initiatives in the field of mainly (alternative) energy use like . 39。 Energie Anders39。 (A different Energy). Together with SEV, the Group dealing with Experiments in Housing and SBR, Foundation Building Research started with the governmental supported institute Duurzaam Bouwen DuBo Sustainable Building. Along this development, important to mention, there appeared five times (yearly) a Paasbrief an Eastermessage of Rgd Rijksgebouwendienst the governmental section, which takes care for all governmental buildings. Regulations like 39。 Bouwbesluit39。 (Decision to build) and the 39。 Plan van aanpak39。 (How to Grasp) and Nationaal Pakket (National Package) voor Woningbouw (Housing) and later Utiliteitsbouw (Utility Building) were further steps in the development. Nowadays we see a state of a relative awareness about the necessity of Sustainable Building also in its plexity, but it seems at the same time, that the relatively easy possible, 39。 small steps39。 give already a satisfaction, with which the majority of the planners and builders remain. The number of model projects of Sustainable Building is growing, but their consequence in following the main aims of a Sustainable Development is far from the desirable, far from a substantial contribution to the world problems. COMPLEXITY The Life Cycle of Building has – as we already have seen a high plexity concerning its technical structure in time and space. Beside this it also has a plicated and even delicate place and meaning concerning its social and economical importance. Being a main part of eachs country’s national economy and being in the hands of profitorientated industries in relation with employment or unemployment of large numbers of workers in the building and construction industry it is not easy to change the concerned habits from an environmental damaging, unhealthy way to build towards an environmentallysound and healthy one. In the Metamodel for an Integral BioLogical Architecture we see the plexity – visualised, and this mandala like diagram with its pictograms is made as a kind of checklist, but also as a(n) (design) aid and to support a fundamental contemplative and reflective view on architecture, 7 building and planning and the manifold processes within and around. It might be helpful also to look to the cost consequences of the Life Cycle of Building integrally and on long term. In the Iceberg Theory it is stated, that the real costs of building are approximately ten times higher than the prices we pay usually for a building or also for the most other more or less high advanced industrial products. The reasons for these hidden costs are to find in mainly three circumstances: Firstly Sooner or later we will have to pensate and to repair the damages in the natural environment as a consequence of the (life) cycles of many building materials and the use of energy, as already described previously. The (costly) sometimes repeated attempts we make and will make will not be successful in all cases. Secondly Sooner or later we will have to cure the damages of the health of ing generations as a consequence of toxic, and otherwise harmful materials, processes and products, as already mentioned previously. Also these (costly sometimes repeated) attempt will not always be successful. Thirdly We also have to take into account , that the usual prices we pay for energy and raw materials, but labour as well – often from the Third World countries – are, pared with what in the advanced countries would be asked for, extraordinary low. It might be – beside the loss of priceless values in nature, and – culture – that the hidden costs will even be more than ten times the usual prices in some cases. RULES OF THUMB In this key note paper about the Life Cycle of Building we only will give two rules of thumb, which – in case of application – can help to bring us (significally) nearer towards Sustainable Building and a Sustainable Development. The first rule of thumb is the rule for cooperation, collaboration, teamwork. A mondial and disciplines crossing synthesis and a symbiosis of even opposing ideas, approaches strategies and 8 expectations are needed in order to survive as humankind at least with a minimum of health. The Method Holistic Participation – MHP is such an instrument, which can help to bring the factors of a plex problem together in order to find or create an optimal solution. By means of the rotating and ‘weaving structure’ in the sequence of exploration, developing, design but also consultation and decision phases it is possible that the opposing participants of experts, users and clients can e to a mon solution which will respect the minority and which will be better for the whole than any possibly partially good looking solution. We could pare our (humankinds) situation with the situation of Crew of a boat or a space ship in danger. Everybody has to cooperate positively in order to make the chance for success high as possible. The second rule of thumb is a rule for a proper choice of a building material. A matrix helps to orientate on the possible choices: On the left side we distinguish the various origins of a material: growing plants – growing animal – minerals (metals included) – mixtures. On the right side we see the gradations of the impact on the raw material in order to make it suitable for the application: without treatment – (s)lightly treat。